IGCSE Sociology Unit 2 – Culture, identity and Socialization Practice Test

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• Cultural relativism helps avoid ethnocentrism by...
• The idea that people construct (i.e., create, make, invent) their understandings of the world and the meanings they give to social situations and events. They do not exist in nature as independent things. (Example: money, gender, culture,...)
• Which term refers to the standards shared by members of a culture and used to judge whether behavior is right or wrong?
• Which term refers to the wide differences between human cultures?
• Why is it important to study socialization across the life course?
• When socialization is incomplete or ineffective.
• The complex process by which different cultures around the world are increasingly aware of, interact with and influence each other.
• Which form of deterrence uses the threat of punishment to prevent future offenses by the individual offender?
• Considering all cultures on their own terms rather than from a Western point of view.
• A key assumption of deterrence theory is that people weigh perceived costs and benefits before deciding to commit a crime.
• How can globalization lead to cultural hybridization?
• Where does socialization primarily occur?
• Which factor refers to the influence of society and culture on human behavior in the nature/nurture debate?
• General deterrence differs from specific deterrence in that general deterrence is aimed at deterring the public from committing crimes.
• Which statement best describes deterrence in sociology?
• Which term denotes the set of routines and practices that characterizes a group beyond explicit norms?
• Which term describes belonging to the age group of those advanced in years?
• What is the difference between sex and gender?
• Which term best describes the spread of cultures through global contact?
• Which term refers to the idea that globalization leads to a single culture shared worldwide?
• Which concept explains the stability of a society's large institutions over time?
• Statements that people hold to be true, (no need for proof)
• A society in which children are highly valued and a lot of time and effort are devoted to their well-being?
• Which term describes a society formed by multiple cultures living side by side within a shared political framework?
• Which term describes a society in which many different cultures or sub-cultures exist alongside each other?
• Which term describes the state of being accepted by culture as a full member?
• Cultural diffusion refers to which of the following?
• Which concept refers to a set of ideas about social order created by people rather than discovered?
• Which statement best describes how class and religion interact to shape identity?
• How can cultural identities be intersectional?
• How do formal sanctions differ from informal social controls?
• Which term refers to the social category of being male or female as defined by society?
• What is a hallmark of primary socialization?
• What is cultural capital and who coined the term?
• In evaluating deterrence, researchers emphasize that punishment must be swift, certain, and proportional.
• Which of the following best describes subcultures and countercultures?
• How parents and others encourage some behavior and discourage other behavior.
• Being male or female (based on biological indicators such as XX and XY chromosomes).
• Which term denotes the first and most important period of socialization during which basic norms are learned?
• How does peer pressure influence adolescent identity?
• Which of the following lists are common agents of socialization?
• What is the difference between individual and collective identity?
• Gender socialization in different cultural contexts.
• Which statement best describes informal social control mechanisms?
• Culture shock is best described as which of the following?
• The attributes that people think characterize a group, often wrongly.
• In deterrence theory, what is 'certainty' of punishment?
• Channelling children towards activities considered appropriate for them because of gender?
• A position that someone has in a society; which can be ascribed (fixed by others) or achieved.
• What does intersectionality help explain about social advantage and disadvantage?
• Explain cultural transmission through childhood socialization in non-Western contexts.
• An example of specific deterrence would be a sentence designed to ...
• How do peer groups influence identity formation during adolescence?
• A criticism of deterrence claims is that it may overlook root causes like poverty and inequality.
• Define patriarchy and explain its relevance to gender socialization.
• Which term describes individuals' perception of themselves based partly on how others view them, often tied to social roles or groups they belong to?
• Which statement best captures a limitation of deterrence theory?
• Which concept refers to parts of society that have their own norms and values, such as the family and the school system?
• Which elements contribute to national identity?
• Non-material culture includes which components?
• What are the norms in a society that are widely accepted and carry on across generations?
• Which statement describes primary socialization?
• Young children learning by copying the behavior of others.
• What are the main agents of socialization in schools?
• The first and most important period of socialization in which the individual learns the basic norms of behavior is called what?
• Compare duration and impact of primary vs secondary socialization on identity.
• What is a formal sanction? Provide examples in daily life.
• The expected behavior associated with being female.
• The social construction of reality suggests our perceptions are shaped by social processes. Which example illustrates this concept?
• Ascribed vs achieved status with school examples.
• 'Wild' children who have not been socialized.
• What is informal social control and its mechanisms?
• What is cultural lag?
• Which term refers to formal rules enacted by the state to regulate behavior?
• What is the term for the use or threat of force to make someone conform to norms?
• How can education challenge inequality?
• Ethnocentrism is the practice of...
• Which term refers to supposed biological differences between different groups of people?
• Which term describes discouraging actions by instilling fear of punishment?
• Which concept involves using rewards or punishments to regulate behavior in a society?
• Acting as an example so that this behavior is copied by others.
• Which of the following best exemplifies deterrence in a non-criminal context?
• What term refers to age-based groups sharing similar status and roles?
• When pupils learn in schools apart from the content of lessons, such as the importance of following rules and the consequences of not doing so.
• What is the difference between collectivist and individualist cultures?
• When someone finds that the demands of two or more of their roles clash with each other.
• Which influence occurs when peers encourage individuals to conform to a group's norms and values?
• Ways of rewarding or punishing acceptable or unacceptable behavior, but usually used in the sense of punishment (negative).
• What is the role of family in socializing gender roles?
• Which statement best summarizes how culture through socialization shapes identity?
• What is the term for the influence that a peer group has to force or persuade its members to conform to norms and values?
• Refers to cultural differences such as language and religion as well as place of origin.
• Which term describes the period of growing up between childhood and adulthood?
• The expected behavior associated with being male.
• The roles and expectations associated with being male or female (the way society says you should act according to your sex).
• Consists of different ways and agents in order to make members of society conform to norms and values.
• The typical way of life of an individual, group or culture.
• Where does primary socialization primarily occur?
• The period before adulthood, in which individuals are not granted full adult rights.
• How do subcultures resist or accommodate dominant culture?
• What term denotes a positive sanction that praises or improves someone's situation?
• Which statement best distinguishes culture from society?
• Which concept describes general agreement across a society on a set of values?
• Which term best describes the process by which children are guided into activities believed appropriate for their gender?
• The stage of development between childhood and adulthood is called?
• What term describes the way of life of a society, including language, beliefs, values, customs, and roles?
• What term describes the behavior that societies expect of their members in particular situations?
• Later socialization, usually involving learning more specific norms for particular statuses and roles, reinforcing what is learnt in the primary stage. Normally thought to start from the age of approximately 5 years. It's a lifelong process.
• In what ways can identity be both stable and fluid in contemporary society?
• In the nature-nurture debate, which factor refers to the influence of biology on behavior?
• How does language contribute to cultural identity?
• How does media literacy relate to understanding culture and identity?
• Which term refers to people of the same status, such as the same age or the same job?
• Explain how stereotypes influence socialization and identity.
• Standards shared by members of a culture and used to judge whether behavior is right or wrong.
• What is one effect of globalization and media on contemporary culture?
• What does consumer culture emphasize about identity?
• Which of the following is an example of an ascribed status?
• What term describes any situation in which two or more people have social contact with each other?
• A group within a larger culture that has its own distinctive norms and values.
• How do rituals contribute to social cohesion?
• How does ethnicity form part of cultural identity?
• How does socialization relate to role theory?
• What is a key difference between individual and collective identity?
• Which pair illustrates high culture and popular culture?
• Which Of The Following Is A Potential Benefit Of Deterrence, Rather Than A Critique?
• Which term refers to social control enforced by the police, courts, or military?
• A position that someone has in a society; which can be ascribed or achieved.
• Which term describes a smaller ethnic group within a larger society?
• Which of the following best illustrates deterrence by punishment?
• Cultural diffusion can alter identities by blending customs, foods, and languages.
• A sub-culture of adolescents or young adults that is usually distinguishable by their style, dress and musical preference.
• Which of the following is an example of a national symbol used to evoke identity?
• What is cultural relativism?
• Which statement best describes the effect of globalization and media on contemporary culture?
• Which concept describes a society that prioritizes children's well-being?
• What is the role of peer groups in identity formation?
• Acting according to norms and social expectations (change of behavior or belief in order to fit in with a group/society).
• What term means evaluating cultures on their own context?
• Behavior that is expected of someone because of their status in society.
• Excluding someone from the community or group is called what?
• Which term best describes the coexistence of diverse cultures within a single society?
• What is one key effect of cultural capital on social advantage?
• Which of the following is an example of a subculture?
• Which statement about deterrence is often debated in sociology?
• Which type of deterrence is aimed at preventing a particular individual from reoffending?
• Why are media representations important for identity formation?
• Which statement best explains why gender socialization occurs in many cultures?
• What is social identity theory and its implications for group behavior?
• In what way can stereotypes lead to bias?
• What is the function of rites of passage in socialization?
• Which concept refers to the nonformal, everyday means by which society regulates behavior?
• How do values, norms, and sanctions differ?
• What is the difference between cultural diffusion and acculturation?
• Which term refers to the system of expectations and duties assigned to a person based on their status?
• What role do agents of socialization generally include?
• An ethnic group relatively small in number compared with the majority is called what?
• Ways of controlling behavior imposed by people without a formal role to do (such as family, education system, media and peers).
• General agreement across a society on a set of values.
• In role theory, what guides an individual's actions within a social position?
• Which idea refers to the ways in which societies and their institutions remain stable over time?
• Which term describes the classification of people into upper, middle, and working class?
• Which statement best describes sanctions?
• Which term describes a group within a larger culture with its own distinctive norms and values?
• Rules that are given force by being formalized by governments.
• How do religious beliefs function as agents of socialization?
• Which term best describes the variety of cultures within a society?
• A form of social stratification in which people are grouped at different levels in the social hierarchy, the most common of which are the upper, middle and working class.
• Social control imposed by a person or organization who has the authority to implement rules or laws.
• Which term describes a positive sanction given for good behavior?
• Which statement best distinguishes high culture from popular culture?
• Role of education in reproducing or challenging social inequality.
• Which term describes the patterns of behavior that are expected of females in a society?
• Which term describes children learning by copying others' actions?
• Which mechanisms sustain the transmission of culture across generations?
• Acculturation occurs due to contact with another culture or immigration. Which statement best describes this process?
• In schools, what does the term hidden curriculum refer to?
• The use or threat of force to make someone conform to norms and values in society.
• Which concept describes the process by which individuals adapt their behavior to align with group expectations?
• What is the hidden curriculum in schooling?